The National Party championed Afrikaner interests, advocating separate development for the two white groups, and independence from Britain. Occupation can tell you about your ancestor's social and economic status. Abioye (Yoruba origin) meaning "son of royalty". [127], Dissatisfaction with British influence in the Union's affairs reached a climax in September 1914, when impoverished Boers, anti-British Boers and bitter-enders launched a rebellion. There are 1,000 military records available for the last name South African. [71], In 1861, to avoid the imminent prospect of either being colonised by the Cape Colony or coming into conflict with the expanding Boer Republic of Orange Free State, most of the Philippolis Griquas embarked on a further trek. 2. [166] At the same time, State-sponsored vigilante groups carried out violent attacks on communities and community leaders associated with resistance to apartheid. At the start of the war, Bank of England officials in London worked with South Africa to block gold shipments to Germany, and force mine owners to sell only to the British Treasury, at prices set by the Treasury. Means "lion" in Tswana and Sotho. [citation needed], The TRC, at the conclusion of its mandate in 2004, handed over a list of 300 names of alleged perpetrators to the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) for investigation and prosecution by the NPA's Priority Crimes Litigation Unit. From 19481994, South African politics was dominated by Afrikaner nationalism. [171] Two dozen conspirators including senior South African Army officers were arrested on charges of treason and murder, after a bomb explosion in Soweto. Variant spellings include Prinzloo and Prinslo. [157], Although many important events occurred during this period, apartheid remained the central pivot around which most of the historical issues of this period revolved, including violent conflict and the militarisation of South African society. After 1806, a number of Dutch-speaking inhabitants of the Cape Colony trekked inland, first in small groups. Today middle names are common among people with a Catholic, Protestant, Islamic or South Asian background. The Patriot revolutionaries then proclaimed the Batavian Republic, which was closely allied to revolutionary France. Among the obstacles were the presence of the independent states of the South African Republic and the Kingdom of Zululand and its army. From 2629 April 1994, the South African population voted in the first universal suffrage general elections. It has been estimated that the total number of British and colonial troops deployed in South Africa during the war outnumbered the population of the two Boer Republics by more than 150,000. Great Britain. 5. [better source needed]The progenitors of the extended clan were Maria Kickers, her first partner Ferdinands Appel, and her later husband Frederich Botha. Abebe: The genesis of this Ethiopian name is Amharic, and it means 'flower' or 'blossom'. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (Unesco). [8] The first human habitation is associated with a DNA group originating in a northwestern area of southern Africa and still prevalent in the indigenous Khoisan (Khoi and San). [206], A non-racial United Democratic Front (UDF) coalition of about 400 civic, church, student, trade union and other organisations emerged in 1983. Starting from the mid-1800s, the Cape of Good Hope, which was then the largest state in southern Africa, began moving towards greater independence from Britain. [1] South Africa's prehistory has been divided into two phases based on broad patterns of technology namely the Stone Age and Iron Age. [164] By mid-1987 the Human Rights Commission knew of at least 140 political assassinations in the country, while about 200 people died at the hands of South African agents in neighbouring states. [14][15][16] The initial origin of the Khoikhoi remains uncertain.[17][18]. Naidoo: A popular Indian surname in South Africa. [225] The migrant labour system was identified as a primary cause of the unrest. [170], In early 2002, a planned military coup by a white supremacist movement known as the Boeremag (Boer Force) was foiled by the South African police. [239] The government owned power utility Eskom has been plagued with corruption and mismanagement, most notability during the presidency of Jacob Zuma, which has limited its ability to resolve the crisis. [120] It ended when the invading column was ambushed and captured by Boer commandos. [105][106], Although many tales abound, there is no conclusive evidence as to who first discovered gold or the manner in which it was originally discovered in the late 19th century on the Witwatersrand (meaning White Waters Ridge) of the Transvaal. Both Prime Minister Louis Botha and Defence Minister Jan Smuts were former Second Boer War generals who had previously fought against the British, but they now became active and respected members of the Imperial War Cabinet. Scientists researching the periods before written historical records were made have established that the territory of what is now referred to generically as South Africa was one of the important centers of human evolution. [90], Other members of the Ndebele ethnic language group in different areas of the region similarly came into conflict with the Voortrekkers, notably in the area that would later become the Northern Transvaal. At the Blombos cave Professor Raymond Dart discovered the skull of a 2.51 million year old Taung Child in 1924, the first example of Australopithecus africanus ever found. Kholwa Female | Kholwa is a name used in both the Zulu and Ndebele cultures and means "believe". Introduction: South Africa has a unique history of apartheid that has had significant implications on economic and social policies. In the eastern part of what is today South Africa, in the region named Natalia by the Boer trekkers, the latter negotiated an agreement with Zulu King Dingane kaSenzangakhona allowing the Boers to settle in part of the then Zulu kingdom. By 1869, diamonds were found at some distance from any stream or river, in hard rock called blue ground, later called kimberlite, after the mining town of Kimberley where the diamond diggings were concentrated. The president is elected by the National Assembly and serves a term that expires at the next general election. Meanwhile, the British, who viewed their defeat at Majuba as an aberration, forged ahead with their desire to federate the Southern African colonies and republics. The consequent frontier wars became known as the Xhosa Wars (which were also referred to in contemporary discussion as the Kafir Wars or the Cape Frontier Wars[79]). 77. [2] The first nations of South Africa are collectively referred to as the Khoisan, the Khoi Khoi and the San separately. In March 1858, after land disputes, cattle rustling and a series of raids and counter-raids, the Orange Free State declared war on the Basotho kingdom, which it failed to defeat. However, there was competition for land, and this tension led to skirmishes in the form of cattle raids from 1779. Pretorius Southern African, Afrikaans From Latin praetor meaning "leader". The South African Institute of Race Relations estimated in 2008 that 800,000 or more white people had emigrated since 1995, out of the approximately 4,000,000 who were in South Africa when apartheid formally ended the year before. [102], In 1888, British mining magnate Cecil John Rhodes co-founded De Beers Consolidated Mines at Kimberley, after buying up and amalgamating the individual claims with finance provided by the Rothschild dynasty. In order to prevent UNITA's collapse and cement the rule of a friendly government, South Africa intervened on 23 October, sending between 1,500 and 2,000 troops from Namibia into southern Angola in order to fight the MPLA. [75] The Boer republics of Transvaal and the Orange Free State also vied for ownership of the land, but Britain, being the preeminent force in the region, won control over the disputed territory. [51] The farmers had invested large amounts of capital in slaves. This was the 499th most popular girl name in the U.K. in 2005, with 70 newborns being named Aamina. The Cape nonetheless remained nominally part of the British Empire, even though it was self-governing in practice. [165] Strict censorship disallowed journalists from reporting, filming or photographing such incidents, while the government ran its own covert disinformation programme that provided distorted accounts of the extrajudicial killings. Prosecutions before the courts of the Union of South Africa were instituted in the name of the Crown and government officials served in the name of the Crown. President Kruger suspected the insurgency had received at least the tacit approval of the Cape Colony government under the premiership of Cecil John Rhodes, and that Kruger's South African Republic faced imminent danger. Your partner in parenting from baby name inspiration to college planning. [161] Apartheid South Africa reacted to the UN arms embargo by strengthening its military ties with Israel, and establishing its own arms manufacturing industry with the help of Israel. [74], Although no formally surveyed boundaries existed, Griqua leader Nicolaas Waterboer claimed the diamond fields were situated on land belonging to the Griquas. [155], From 1948, successive National Party administrations formalised and extended the existing system of racial discrimination and denial of human rights into the legal system of apartheid,[156] which lasted until 1991. More than a decade later 36,000 Cuban troops were deployed throughout the country helping providing support for MPLA's fight with UNITA. Thousands more served in the British Army directly, with over 3,000 joining the British Royal Flying Corps and over 100 volunteering for the Royal Navy. Most of the deaths occurred between 1992 and 1993, after South African and Cuban involvement had ended. [200] The Truth and Reconciliation Commission noted in 2003 that, despite the ANC's stated policy of attacking only military and police targets, "the majority of casualties of MK operations were civilians. This was accomplished after several years of negotiations, when the South Africa Act 1909 consolidated the Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal, and Orange Free State into one nation. Chidubem - This name is Igbo for "God is my guide." Igwe - Many Igbo people in South Africa have this last name. The discoveries also led to new conflicts culminating in open warfare between the Boer settlers and the British Empire, fought essentially for control over the nascent South African mining industry. [124] In terms of the peace agreement known as the Treaty of Vereeniging, the Boer republics acknowledged British sovereignty, while the British in turn committed themselves to reconstruction of the areas under their control. "Untold History with a Historiography: A Review of Scholarship on Afrikaner Women in South African History.". [118] The enormous wealth of the mines was in the hands of European "Randlords" overseeing the mainly British foreign managers, mining foremen, engineers and technical specialists, characterised by the Boers as uitlander, meaning aliens. [55] The name Orange Free State was again changed to the Orange River Colony, created by Britain after the latter occupied it in 1900 and then annexed it in 1902 during the Second Boer War. Cecil Rhodes and Charles Rudd followed, with their Gold Fields of South Africa company. [101] The wealth derived from Kimberley diamond mining, having effectively tripled the customs revenue of the Cape Colony from 1871 to 1875, also doubled its population, and allowed it to expand its boundaries and railways to the north. (2014). From the 1830s onwards, numbers of white settlers from the Cape Colony crossed the Orange River and started arriving in the fertile southern part of territory known as the Lower Caledon Valley, which was occupied by Basotho cattle herders under the authority of the Basotho founding monarch Moshoeshoe I. Open hostilities ceased between the Orange Free State and the Basotho. The General Assembly had already suspended South Africa from the UN organisation on 12 November 1974. Many urban blacks supported the war expecting it would raise their status in society. Historically, surnames evolved as a way to sort people into groups - by occupation, place of origin, clan affiliation, patronage, parentage, adoption, and even physical characteristics (like red hair). Sandbox Learning is part of Sandbox & Co., a digital learning company. [72] East Griqualand was subsequently annexed by Britain in 1874 and incorporated into the Cape Colony in 1879. Discover the meaning of the South African name on Ancestry. [24] Others, now known as the SothoTswana peoples (Tswana, Pedi, and Sotho), settled in the interior on the plateau known as the Highveld,[24] while today's Venda, Lemba, and Tsonga peoples made their homes in the north-eastern areas of present-day South Africa. It is the tenth most common family name in the Republic of South Africa. Hetherington, Penelope. Kholwa (Southern African origin), meaning "believe" and is found in both Ndebele and Zulu cultures. [177][178] In response to the South African intervention, Cuba sent 18,000 soldiers as part of a large-scale military intervention nicknamed Operation Carlota in support of the MPLA. The monarchy came to an end on 31 May 1961, replaced by a republic as the consequence of a 1960 referendum, which legitimised the country becoming the Republic of South Africa. The First Sekhukhune War of 1876 was conducted by the Boers, and the two separate campaigns of the Second Sekhukhune War of 1878/1879 were conducted by the British. By the end of the siege, about three weeks later, Mokopane and between 1,000 and 3,000 people had died in the caves. Axmed (Somali origin) the variant for Ahmed. Abeba [219] By 2019 the number of skilled black South Africans emigrating out of the country had surpassed the number of white emigres. 28. This act augmented the Native Land Act of 1913 through the establishment of so-called "homelands" or "reserves". [108], Within two years of gold being discovered on the Witwatersrand, four mining finance houses had been established. 469503. In late October, Boer commandos supported by local Kgatla tribal collaborators laid siege to the caves. By January 1907, 53,000 Chinese labourers were working in the gold mines.[115]. Estimates for the death toll resulting from the Mfecane range from 1 million to 2 million.[47][48][49][50]. Kaiser Wilhelm's government arranged for the two Boer Republics to purchase modern breech-loading Mauser rifles and millions of smokeless gunpowder cartridges. Most Common South African Surnames & Meanings Most Common Last Names In South Africa Forebears knows about 821,426 unique surnames in South Africa and there are 66 people per name. A list of references about Personal Names or Surnames at the Local History and Genealogy Reading Room at the Library of Congress. du Toit is an Afrikaans surname of French origin, originally from Franois du Toit, a Huguenot who moved to South Africa in 1686. It is likely that around 50% of white men of military age served during the war, more than 146,000 whites. The Cape and the VOC had to import Dutch farmers to establish farms to supply the passing ships as well as to supply the growing VOC settlement. He eventually surrendered to a combined deputation of Boer and British forces on 2 December 1879. South Africa's prehistory has been divided into two phases based on broad patterns of technology namely the Stone Age and Iron Age.After the discovery of hominins at Taung and australopithecine fossils in limestone caves at Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, and Kromdraai these areas were collectively . [1] Origin [ edit] Unlike many other popular South-African family names, which can often be unambiguously traced back to English, Dutch, or Huguenot French, the origin of the name Coetzee is unclear. 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[190] However, the South African military had lost air superiority and its technological advantage, largely due to an international arms embargo against the country. Afumba Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (B-BBEE) was introduced . Labour unrest in the industry resulted in a massacre in mid-August 2012, when anti-riot police shot dead 34 striking miners and wounded many more in what is known as the Marikana massacre. Owners who had purchased slaves on credit or put them up as surety against loans faced financial ruin. Many of the modern surnames in the dictionary can be traced back to Britain and Ireland. After the March 1960 massacre of 69 peaceful demonstrators at Sharpeville, and the subsequent declaration of a state of emergency, and the banning of anti-apartheid parties including the African National Congress (ANC), the Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), and the Communist Party of South Africa, the focus of national resistance turned to armed struggle and underground activity. The Bantu expansion was one of the major demographic movements in human prehistory, sweeping much of the African continent during the 2nd and 1st millennia BC. Germany was the primary supplier of weapons to the Boers during the subsequent AngloBoer war. Botha (pronounced / b r t / in non-rhotic dialects of English, Afrikaans pronunciation: ) is a common Afrikaans surname, derived from the Friso-Saxon Both. Rubinstein, W. D. (2004). In 1688, the Dutch and the Germans were joined by French Huguenots, Calvinist Protestants fleeing religious persecution in France under its Catholic ruler, King Louis XIV. The . The exact numbers of all the victims may never be known. The provision of ARV treatment resulted in 100,000 fewer AIDS-related deaths in 2011 than in 2005. No gold was ever discovered in the annexed territory. 4. Information department, Government of Lesotho. [249][250] By mid-July, the South African National Defense Forces had deployed approximately 25,000 military personnel. The trade union movement was divided. [223], A further financial burden was imposed on the new post-apartheid government through its obligation to provide antiretroviral (ARV) treatment to impoverished victims of the HIV/AIDS epidemic sweeping the country. Cattle rustling and livestock theft ensued, with the Khoikhoi being ultimately expelled from the peninsula by force, after a succession of wars. It is now common in South Africa. Until that point, President Paul Kruger's government had excluded all foreigners from the franchise. Smiths created objects of iron, copper and gold both for local decorative use and for foreign trade. These groups were displaced or sometimes absorbed by migrating Africans (Bantus) during the Bantu expansion from Western and Central Africa. By the time it was finally quelled, hundreds of protesters had been shot dead with many more wounded or arrested by police. [141] On 21 June 1942 nearly 10,000 South African soldiers, representing one-third of the entire South African force in the field, were taken prisoner by German Field Marshal Rommel's forces in the fall of Tobruk, Libya. Abimbola: Barend-van Haeften, Marijke; Paasman, Bert: Delmas, Adrien, 'The Role of Writing in the First Steps of the Colony: A Short Enquiry in the Journal of Jan van Riebeeck, 16521662', in. Economically, South Africa supplied two-thirds of gold production in the British Empire, with most of the remainder coming from Australia. [65], By 1893, when the lawyer and social activist Mahatma Gandhi arrived in Durban, Indians outnumbered whites in Natal. On the night of 23/24 May 1842 British colonial forces attacked the Voortrekker camp at Congella. [92], During the final campaign, Sekukuni (also spelled Sekhukhune) and members of his entourage took refuge in a mountain cave where he was cut off from food and water. Over 7,000 South Africans were killed, and nearly 12,000 were wounded during the course of the war. The Government of National Unity lapsed at the end of the first parliament sitting in 1999, with the ANC becoming the sole party in power while maintaining a strategic alliance with the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) and the South African Communist Party. In 1896, the German Kaiser Kaiser Wilhelm had enraged Britain by sending congratulations to Boer republican leader Paul Kruger after Kruger's commandos captured a column of British South Africa Company soldiers engaged in an armed incursion and abortive insurrection, known historically as the Jameson Raid, into Boer territory. [62], By the end of 1847, following annexation by Britain of the former Boer republic of Natalia, nearly all the Boers had left their former republic, which the British renamed Natal. A significant number of the offspring from the white and slave unions were absorbed into the local proto-Afrikaans speaking white population. Meanwhile, 34-year-old South African pacer Shabnim Ismail not only took three wickets but also registered her name in record books by bowling the fastest ball in women's cricket. The British then seized the Cape in 1795 to prevent it from falling into French hands. The prehistory and history of South Africa span nearly the entire known existence of human beings and their ancestorssome three million years or moreand include the wandering of small bands of hominins through the savanna, the inception of herding and farming as ways of life, and the construction of large urban centres. There are 3,000 census records available for the last name South African. [98], By the 1870s and 1880s the mines at Kimberley were producing 95% of the world's diamonds. Da Gama gave the name Natal to the coast he was passing, which in Portuguese means Christmas. 1. 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The Kingdom of Zululand and its army `` homelands '' or `` reserves '' South Africa UN... Land, and independence from Britain naidoo: a Review of Scholarship on Afrikaner Women in South Africa from franchise... And gold both for local decorative use and for foreign trade gunpowder cartridges State and the.! Economic Empowerment ( B-BBEE ) was introduced more than a decade later 36,000 Cuban troops were deployed throughout the helping..., Mokopane and between 1,000 and 3,000 people had died in the gold.... Khoi Khoi and the Kingdom of Zululand and its army social activist Mahatma Gandhi arrived in Durban, Indians whites... Local History and Genealogy Reading Room at the next general election Khoisan, the South African Republic and Kingdom. Apartheid that has had significant implications on economic and social policies San separately raise their status in society served...: a Review of Scholarship on Afrikaner Women in South African Republic and the Kingdom of and. Royalty & quot ; son of royalty & quot ; son of royalty & quot ; believe quot..., there was competition for land, and nearly 12,000 were wounded during the war expecting it raise! Review of Scholarship on Afrikaner Women in South Africa has a unique History of that., president Paul Kruger 's government had excluded all foreigners from the white and slave unions were into! More wounded or arrested by police were deployed throughout the country helping providing support for MPLA fight. Unique History of apartheid that has had significant implications on economic and policies!
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