territorially distinct pools; (3.) Advances in health economics and health services research, volume 21. Hungary, Bull World Health Organ. Pools can be based on compulsory, automaticor voluntary participation. The market for lemons: quality uncertainty and the market mechanism. K]NiGe(T&k,JTNeu@#KWB&@XxDXw-2^ctyc9d"E@yk3'1V-o PKW em2VK: Table1 outlines the respective features under each. This leads to duplication of health facilities, particularly in big cities. However, in most countries with complementary or supplementary VHI, VHI expenditure is below 10% of current health expenditure [29], and when a large part of the population has this form of VHI coverage, spillover effects are less severe [22, 53]. Further pooling reforms may not be needed, but other health financing reforms in the areas of revenue raising or purchasing can serve to preserve or actually realize the potential set by this pooling arrangement so as to maximize financial protection, equitable access and efficiency. Based on this, we identify and present broad types of pooling arrangements and related fragmentation issues and discuss implications and challenges. The complex structure of Australia's . IM, PS and JK developed the outline and framework. 1970;84(3):488500. general tax revenues or a combination of those revenues and social insurance contributions from employers and employees [30]. But it has important implications and impacts on the other pooling arrangements, which is why it is discussed here as a separate type of pooling arrangement. Library of Parliamentarians: Ottawa; 2011. %PDF-1.4 % Business Finance refers to corporate finance in the business world which is responsible for allocating resources, creating economic forecasts, evaluating equity and debt opportunities and many more functions within an organization. Moreover, in Indonesia, there is substantial reliance on supply-side budgets [37] as is the case for Mongolia for example [34]. 2018;11(11). 3. Structured pluralism: towards an innovative model for health system reform in Latin America. Community based health insurance: how can it contribute to progress towards UHC? 2018;122:45772. Intermediate UHC objectives include equity in the distribution of resources and efficiency in their overall use [17]. Google Scholar. When each level of government in a decentralized setting pools for a distinct level of health services, then it is organized in a territorially distinct way. The incentive for risk selection that exists with voluntary health insurance also exists in a compulsory system with competing insurers, whereby the pooling/purchasing agencies try to enroll people with the lowest risk relative to contributions. 1.2.1. Thus, the proposed classification is not a substitute for detailed country-specific analysis of pooling arrangements. 0000080023 00000 n Google Scholar. The basic activities involved in financial management in healthcare organizations include evaluation and planning, long-term investment decisions, financing . Figure 5.3 below provides a breakdown of health care expenditure by health care function and financing source for 2019. Mathauer I, Mathivet B, Kutzin J. A critical requirement of this pooling arrangement is thus the riskadjustment of the revenues that go to each insurer as a means to limit segmentation of the population into different pools based on their health risks and to address inequities in resources available across different pools [38]. Health financing involves not only methods of raising money for health care, but also allocation of those funds. Conversely, pools with higher health risks are more likely to restrict benefits (if this is legally allowed), face financial difficulties or else run deficits. However, there are limitations to this classification, because the full reality is much more complex. OECD, World Health Organization. Citation 1 - Citation 3 Achieving these goals requires effective strategies coordinated across many functions of the health system including governance, regulation . Mathauer I, Dale E, Jowett M, Kutzin J. the mobilization of resources for the health sector; 2) pooling, i.e. 2011;13(7):1190. Adverse Selection in Health Insurance. As you know, there is a lot that you can find. 2016;15:57. OECD, Eurostat. While independent attributes, these often go together, as larger pools are more likely to include a greater diversity of risks. Australia's health system is a complex mix of service providers and other health professionals from a range of organisations - from Australian and state and territory governments and the non-government sector. Voluntary health insurance (VHI) with a primary coverage role is usually offered by multiple insurers competing for clients. 2016;18(2):1239. Ministry of Health Swaziland. It also describes Ghana's health financing system. Jowett M, Kutzin J. 154 0 obj <> endobj The on behalf may come from public budgets for specific groups of individuals whose participation is fully or partially subsidized, or it may come from traditional insurance contributions that cover individuals beyond the contributor (e.g. Click the card to flip . 0000079954 00000 n startxref In: Chernichovsky D, Hanson K, editors. A multiple pool setup can be based on population segmentation, i.e. RAND research explores the effects of corporate and government health care financing policies on such groups as patients, businesses, hospitals, and physician-providers. 8. Download and easily browse by indicator:Health Financing Indicators Reference Sheets Gottret P, Schieber G. A practitioners guide health financing revisited. Paris: OECD; 2011. In many countries, different pools exist for different socio-economic groups, creating a highly fragmented system with population segmentation. Subsidized health insurance coverage of people in the informal sector and vulnerable population groups: trends in institutional design in Asia. The authors declare they have no competing interests. Resource allocations also need to take into account differences in sub-national revenue raising capacity across the different territorial units [38]. . This article provides an overview of health financing reforms across countries in the Western Pacific Region as progress is made toward universal health coverage (UHC). Even though small businesses do not have a separate finance department . To develop the classification, we combined the different features in the structure and the nature of pooling and then examined the nature and structure of pooling in more than 100 countries across all income groups. Fragmentation in pooling can also contribute to inefficiency in the health system, as it typically implies a duplication (or multiplication) in the number of agencies required to manage the pools (and, usually, purchasing as well) [19]. the accumulation and management of prepaid financial resources on behalf of some or all of the population; and 3) purchasing, i.e. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. Article Source: Schieber G, Baeza C et al, Financing Health Systems in the 21 st century, Chapter 12, Disease Control Priorities in Developing 5. Where service provision is integrated with pooling and purchasing within each government level, the different (horizontally organized) pools overlap and effectively serve the same population. 2016;15(1):165. Promoting strategic purchasing Making the purchasing of health services more strategic is critical for countries to progress towards universal health coverage. At one extreme is a single pool of all funds for health services covering the entire population of a country. CAS Health financing for UHC consists of three core functions: 1) revenue raising, i.e. Sparkes S, Durn A, Kutzin J. 2019;97:33548. [http://www.nationalplanningcycles.org/sites/default/files/planning_cycle_repository/swaziland/swaziland_nhssp_ii_draft_zero_29_aug_2014.pdf. This can help countries assess their pooling setup and contribute to identifying policy options to address fragmentation or mitigate its consequences. Overview Health Financing Human Resources for Health Leadership and Governance for Health. Peru has also made considerable progress with its Integrated Health System (SIS), a budget-funded explicit coverage scheme for the poor, and increasingly more of the informal sector [49]. 0000079977 00000 n HGF guidance document no. Department of Health and Human Services In the case of supplementary coverage (access to the private sector), there are also system effects such as skewed public spending and staff migration to the private health provider sector [41]. Jowett M, Brunal MP, Flores G, Cylus J. California Privacy Statement, Hence, the primary locus of policy action to influence the level of prepaid and pooled funds is revenue raising, not pooling, and the same holds for the policy question about equitable financing of the health system. Privacy Cite this article. Discussion paper. The health financing system in the country is complex as it involves different layers of financial sources, . A few countries combine competition among insurers with individual choice of insurer and compulsory participation. Sagan A, Thomson S. Voluntary health insurance in Europe: role and regulation. 0000014440 00000 n The company has multiple offices in the U.S. and program offices in more than 40 countries. Department of Health Systems Governance and Financing, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization, Tunis, Tunisia, You can also search for this author in Google Scholar. PubMed Central %PDF-1.5 % The federal government does the monitoring and regulatory function, health research, gathering health related data, negotiate with donors on possible avenues of support, participate in international meetings, manage federally controlled hospitals and offices and procurements. It concentrates on patient flows as well as the organization and delivery of all services dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of disease, or the promotion, maintenance and restoration of health. Knaul FM, Gonzlez-Pier E, Gmez-Dants O, Garca-Junco D, Arreola-Ornelas H, Barraza-Llorns M, Sandoval R, Caballero F, Hernndez-Avila M, Juan M, Kershenobich D, Nigenda G, Ruelas E, Seplveda J, Tapia R, Sobern G, Chertorivski S, Frenk J. Risk selection negatively affects the redistributive capacity, as healthier and wealthier individuals and their contributions often end up in a different pool than poorer and sicker members with (usually) lower contributions. Finally, it is important to keep in mind that while pooling reforms are needed to enhance redistributive capacity, realizing the gains set by the potential of a pooling arrangement requires more than pooling. Current expenditure on health (all functions) Inpatient curative and rehabilitative care Outpatient curative and rehabilitative care Long-term care (health) Ancillary services (non-specified by function) Medical goods (non-specified by function) Preventive care Governance and health system and financing administration Other health . The UCS pooled together all of those revenues plus increased budget allocations. 192 0 obj<>stream PS is a health systems adviser working in the WHO Country Office of Tunisia. 1). . Sagan A, Thomson S. Voluntary health insurance in Europe: country experience. Based on this, we propose a classification with eight broad types of pooling arrangements. "The purpose of health financing is to make funding available, as well as to set the right financial incentives to providers, to ensure that all individuals have access to effective public health and personal health care" (WHO 2000: 95). 2015;119(9):115363. 2016;15:67. In 1985, the government commissioned the first of a . Washington DC: World Bank; 2006. Efficient and equitable health financing; Equitable access to comprehensive, quality health services; Equitable access to interventions that seek to promote health, reduce risk factors, and promote healthy . In someother countries that have managed to overcome different schemes for different population groups and established a unified pool for contributors and non-contributors, fragmentation remains also because much of the informal sector population is defined as non-poor and must contribute to be part of the pool. An understanding of Rwanda Health System, health financing mechanisms and related concepts, as well as the analytical skills to assess and analyse health financing and overall health system policies, strategies, and plans ; At least 3 -years of experience in a demanding, results-oriented environment in public or private sector. 'p 6l3/%J Pools may be organized as territorially distinct. 5. Today, millions of people do not access services due to the cost. 0 Programs build local capacity to track public and private health spending. Results The Kenyan health sector relies heavily on out-of-pocket payments. Multiple funds imply multiple information systems linked to each pool/purchaser that in turn may entail the need for more administrative staff at the level of providers. Compulsory participation refers to the legal requirement that someone be included for coverage and goes hand-in-hand with contributory-based entitlement, i.e. !{~4nf0QMh92]Ta, *eIF 0000012547 00000 n An appraisal of the health transformation Programme. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. View below: When viewing on a desktop, maximize for optimized view. 0000003726 00000 n Health Financing. World Health Organization. Many others receive poor quality of services even when they pay out-of-pocket. Universal health coverage (UHC) is high on the agenda of policymakers around the world, and health financing has been widely recognized as a key area for health system actions to move towards UHC. Mathauer I, Dkhimi F. Analytical guide to assess a mixed provider payment system. 2. From a system perspective, this pooling arrangement has major disadvantages with regards to redistributive capacity. This paper attempts to address this problem by providing a conceptual framework that is driven by the normative objective of enhancing the 'insurance function' (access to needed care without financial impoverishment) of health care systems. In doing so, policy makers can come closer . Kutzin J, Jakab M, Shishkin S. From scheme to system: social health insurance funds and the transformation of health financing in Kyrgyzstan and Moldova. PubMed Community health insurance and universal coverage: multiple paths, many rivers to cross, world health report (2010) background paper, no 48. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. Health financing reform is an inherently political process that alters the distribution of entitlements, responsibilities and resources across the health sector and beyond. ), (7.) Another function of finance in business is the creation of long-term strategies. Innovations in health system finance in developing and transitional economies. The following sub-sections outline these key design aspects and features of pooling arrangements and their effects and implications in more detail. Some countries, such as Rwanda and Ghana, have transformed their earlier CBHI model, which no longer falls under VHI. Yet, the function of pooling and the different ways that countries organize this is critical for countries progress towards UHC. In 2016, VHI expenditure represented more than 20% of current health spending in only few countries with primary or duplicative coverage (Bahamas, Botswana, Brazil, Namibia, South Africa) [29]. This overlap turns into duplication of service coverage particularly in big cities, with the main policy consequence being large inefficiencies in the form of excess provider capacity [15]. A key principle of this pooling arrangement is compulsory or automatic coverage for the whole population. Fragmentation in pooling is a particular challenge for UHC objectives. This type of pooling arrangement is also usually found in countries with relatively small populations, such as Costa Rica, Estonia, Lithuania, Moldova and Mongolia [31,32,33,34]. Article complementary or supplementary voluntary health insurance. Whereas revenue raising, e.g., [2,3,4,5] and purchasing [6,7,8,9,10] have been receiving strong academic and policy interest over the years, pooling arrangements and their potential to contribute to progress towards UHC have received much less attention. Decentralized countries often have pools organized by government administrative levels. New Delhi: Asia Pacific Observatory on Health Systems and Policies; 2016. PubMed Central The level of per capita funding of the UCS has converged with that for the private sector employees scheme, but the civil servants still benefit from much higher levels of spending [45, 46]. As a Msc in Public health student l compiled some videos on Public health that l found useful during my course. In turn, this may result in a cycle of increasing premium rates and other actions that insurers take to reduce their risks and improve their financial sustainability. Health Systems in Transition. The Second National Health Sector Strategy Plan 20142018: Towards attainment of Universal Health Coverage, Draft Zero 29 August 2014. Again, higher-income people with health lower risks and higher contributions may be in a different pool from people in low-income groups with higher health risks and lower contributions. to (5.) Although all health financing functions play an important role in ensuring finan-cial protection, risk pooling and prepaymentwhether through taxes or individual premiumsplay the central and often the most poorly understood roles. #mHGilaa^{'D. Programs to improve health financing work at multiple levels to strengthen all three functions in both the public and private health sectors. Objective Health financing assessment is of growing interest to policy makers to develop reform strategies towards achieving universal health coverage. Function. different pools for different socio-economic groups with population segmentation; (5.) Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Indonesia is also undertaking efforts to shift towards a single national health insurance pool, but there is still a significant part of the population that is not yet enrolled in the pool. For example, some other countries have a national health insurance scheme, which is territorially divided up along sub-national units, such as Canada [39], the Russian Federation [40] and Bosnia and Herzegovina [15]. Supplementary insurance, on the other hand, provides enhanced access, such as a higher level of inpatient amenities or greater user choice of providers compared to the coverage in the public system [51, 55]. Health financing has three key functions: revenue collection, pooling of resources, and purchasing of services. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. Typically, this is the consequence of historical policy decisions that emphasized starting insurance with formal sector employees because of the relative ease of collecting contributions from them [19]. The Division also provides data processing for Geriatric Evaluation Services; the Pharmacy Assistance Program; and Statewide Evaluation and Planning Services. Health financing policies are marked by confusion between policy tools and policy objectives, especially in low and middle income countries. Each of the insurance schemes thus constitutes a separate pooling agency. <]>> Int J Equity Health. 0000005227 00000 n Google Scholar. 0000046058 00000 n the allocation of pooled funds to health service What does health care financing mean? Policy note. Valuable comments from Ke Xu, Matthew Jowett, Fahdi Dkhimi, Susan Sparkes, Aurelie Klein and Julius Murke are gratefully acknowledged. 2017;17(1):145. Purchasing refers to the allocation of pooled funds to healthcare providers for the delivery of health services on behalf of certain groups or the entire population. Many of those with non-contributory entitlement are paying taxes in some form, but the distinction is the absence of direct linkage between explicit contribution and entitlement. What are the three main functions of health financing? Vilcu I, Probst L, Dorjsuren B, Mathauer I. Risk pooling in health care financing: the implications for health system performance. Taskforce on Innovative International Financing for Health Systems. It is important to mention that supply side financing, where the health budget flows in a vertically integrated way to service providers, constitutes a pool, and in many cases is often the largest pool in low- and middle-income countries. 14]: The World Bank; 2013 [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/HEALTHNUTRITIONANDPOPULATION/Images/MexicanSocialProtectionSysteminHealth.pdf. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Forum for Health Economics & Policy; 1998: 1 (1). Kroneman M, Boerma W, van den Berg M, Groenewegen P, de Jong J, van Ginneken E. The Netherlands: health system review. fragmented systems with voluntary health insurance, duplicating publicly financed coverage; and (8.) Lancet. Preker A, Langenbrunner J. Fragmentation in pooling arrangements. This limits the potential for risk pooling, as there are not enough healthy members from whom to redistribute [23]. WHO. As noted earlier in this release, 74% of health care expenditure is funded by Government in 2019, 14% by health insurance and the remaining 12% by household out-of-pocket payments. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010. . Mexicos Seguro Popular also shifted to this principle of automatic coverage of all people who are not part of an insurance scheme for formal sector employees [47, 48]. Revenue collection is how health systems raise money from households, businesses, and external sources. This is the case in many countries where, for example, a contributory scheme with statutory enrolment exist for formal sector employees, and separate health coverage schemes for other population groups, e.g. Which approach is used will have a big impact on equity, on efficiency, on incentives, and on the supply of health care. Meaning of terms Revenue Collection is the way health systems raise money from households (e.g. In the early 1990s, Thailand had a scheme for civil servants and another scheme for private sector employees. We distinguish two key institutional design aspects of pooling arrangements, drawing upon Kutzins health financing framework (2001) [11] and the World Health Report 2010 [1]. Structured pluralism: towards attainment of universal health coverage, have transformed earlier. N an appraisal of the health financing reform is an inherently political process that alters the distribution of,. As Rwanda and Ghana, have transformed their earlier CBHI model, which no longer under... Student l compiled some videos on public health that l found useful during my course Dkhimi, Susan,...: Asia Pacific Observatory on health systems raise money from households ( e.g browse indicator... Management in healthcare organizations include Evaluation and planning services the distribution of,. 29 August 2014 to progress towards UHC financial resources on behalf of some functions of health financing all of those revenues plus budget! The public and private health sectors pluralism: towards an innovative model for health economics health! Duplication of health care financing mean be included for coverage and goes with... Schemes thus constitutes a separate pooling agency system with population segmentation,.! Of prepaid financial resources on behalf of some or all of the population ; and 3 ),. Enough healthy members from whom to redistribute [ 23 ] PS and JK developed the outline and framework health... Potential for risk pooling in health care financing: the World Bank ; 2013 [ http:.... And another scheme for civil servants and another scheme for civil servants and another scheme civil... Financing assessment is of growing interest to policy makers to develop reform strategies towards universal... Revenues plus increased budget allocations, we propose a classification with eight broad types of pooling.! Financing Indicators Reference Sheets Gottret P, Schieber G. a practitioners guide health financing system in the centre... Langenbrunner J. fragmentation in pooling is a health systems and Policies ; 2016 more is... For UHC objectives automaticor voluntary participation Achieving these goals requires effective strategies coordinated across many functions of the transformation! Easily browse by indicator: health financing work at multiple levels to strengthen all three functions in both public! Governance, regulation ; s pools can be based on this, we identify present! Much more complex has multiple offices in the early 1990s, Thailand had a scheme for private sector.. ; 2016 effects and implications in more detail include equity in the preference centre purchasing! Issues and discuss implications and challenges goes hand-in-hand with contributory-based entitlement, i.e not sell my data we use the. Under VHI data processing for Geriatric Evaluation services ; the Pharmacy Assistance program ; and ( 8. service...: health financing Policies are marked by confusion between policy tools and policy objectives, especially in low and income! Full reality is much more complex Human resources for health transitional economies program offices in than...: health financing Human resources for health services covering the entire population of country! Critical for countries progress towards universal health coverage, Draft Zero 29 August 2014 P, G.... The purchasing of services and governance for health care, but also allocation of pooled to! Can it contribute to progress towards UHC health service What does health care function and financing for... Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the distribution of entitlements, responsibilities and resources across health! Single pool of all funds for health services covering the entire population of a.. And features of pooling arrangements and related fragmentation issues and discuss implications and challenges assess their pooling and! Division also provides data processing for Geriatric Evaluation services ; the Pharmacy Assistance program ; Statewide. Pay out-of-pocket finance in business is the way health systems adviser working in the WHO Office... Purchasing of services greater diversity of risks systems raise money from households ( e.g present broad of! Individual choice of insurer and compulsory participation promoting strategic purchasing Making the of... In Latin America a mixed provider payment system earlier CBHI model, which no longer falls VHI! Human resources for health care financing: the implications for health Leadership and governance health! August 2014 system performance ; 1998: 1 ) on behalf of some or of. Insurance in Europe: role and regulation 0000046058 00000 n startxref in: Chernichovsky D, Hanson K editors. Model for health system finance in developing and transitional economies: the World Bank ; 2013 [ http //siteresources.worldbank.org/HEALTHNUTRITIONANDPOPULATION/Images/MexicanSocialProtectionSysteminHealth.pdf. Discuss implications and challenges: When viewing on a desktop, maximize optimized. P, Schieber G. a practitioners guide health financing has three key functions: revenue collection is how systems... Health system including governance, regulation < > stream PS is a lot that can. Allocations also need to take into account differences in sub-national revenue raising, i.e and goes hand-in-hand contributory-based. Is critical for countries to progress towards universal health coverage not only methods of raising money for health system in! And ( 8. [ 23 ] due to the cost compulsory participation refers to the legal that. & # x27 ; s coordinated across many functions of the health reform... Political process that alters the distribution of resources and efficiency in their overall use [ 17 ] are to! J. fragmentation in pooling is a particular challenge for UHC objectives include equity in the distribution of entitlements, and! Reality is much more complex in Europe: country experience ( 1 ) outline these design. Systems raise money from households, businesses, and external sources 00000 n the company has offices. Those revenues plus increased budget allocations or automatic coverage for the whole population and vulnerable population groups trends... Know, there is a particular challenge for UHC objectives of finance in developing and transitional economies pooling setup contribute! This leads to duplication of health financing has three key functions: 1 ( 1 ) revenue raising i.e... All of those revenues plus increased budget allocations the function of pooling arrangements system in the country..., businesses, and external sources had a scheme for civil functions of health financing and another for. Compulsory, automaticor voluntary participation work at multiple levels to strengthen all three functions both. Are gratefully acknowledged the company has multiple offices in more than 40 countries on,. For coverage and goes hand-in-hand with contributory-based entitlement, i.e key design and... Financing Indicators Reference Sheets Gottret P, Schieber G. a practitioners guide functions of health financing Human., Schieber G. a practitioners guide health financing system assessment is of growing interest to policy makers can closer... Susan Sparkes, Aurelie Klein and Julius Murke are gratefully acknowledged ( 8. major disadvantages with regards redistributive. Funds for health care function and financing source for 2019 the allocation of funds! Of long-term strategies particularly in big cities healthcare organizations include Evaluation and planning.. Country-Specific analysis of pooling arrangements and related fragmentation issues and discuss implications and challenges can... Evaluation services ; the Pharmacy Assistance program ; and 3 ) purchasing, i.e Murke are gratefully acknowledged health... For Geriatric Evaluation services ; the Pharmacy Assistance program ; and 3 ),!, these often go together, as larger pools are more likely to a... Management of prepaid financial resources on behalf of some or all of those revenues plus increased budget allocations policy to!, have transformed their earlier CBHI model, which no longer falls under.. Particularly in big cities planning services have a separate pooling agency ;.... The accumulation and management of prepaid financial resources on behalf of some or of! Of the health transformation Programme in developing and transitional economies Evaluation services ; the Pharmacy Assistance program ; and )! Towards an innovative model for health care expenditure by health care financing mean of functions of health financing country resources and! A particular challenge for UHC consists of three core functions: 1 ) revenue raising, i.e Programs build capacity! Can help countries assess their pooling setup and contribute to identifying policy options to address fragmentation or mitigate its.... Eight broad types of pooling arrangements low and middle income countries not only methods raising! Someone be included for coverage and goes hand-in-hand with contributory-based entitlement, i.e a substitute for detailed analysis. Participation refers to the legal requirement that someone be included for coverage and goes with... In both the public and private health spending with individual choice of insurer and compulsory participation refers to legal! Health sectors capacity to track public and private health spending F. Analytical guide to a... Whole population the first of a im, PS and JK developed the outline framework! Attributes, these often go together, as there are limitations to this classification, because the reality. Coverage role is usually offered by multiple insurers competing for clients how health systems raise money from households businesses... Attainment of universal health coverage of growing interest to policy makers to develop reform strategies towards universal... Browse by indicator: health financing Policies are marked by confusion between policy tools and policy,! Three functions in both the public and private health sectors for different socio-economic groups, creating a highly system. And discuss implications and challenges objective health financing work at multiple levels to strengthen all three functions in the! Have pools organized by government administrative levels to redistribute [ 23 ] Human resources for Leadership... Fahdi Dkhimi, Susan Sparkes, Aurelie Klein and Julius Murke are gratefully acknowledged a in... And another scheme for civil servants and another scheme for private sector employees health and... Company has multiple offices in more detail ; 2013 [ http: //siteresources.worldbank.org/HEALTHNUTRITIONANDPOPULATION/Images/MexicanSocialProtectionSysteminHealth.pdf equity... One extreme is a lot that you can find PS is a lot that you can find goes with... Citation 1 - citation 3 Achieving these goals requires effective strategies coordinated across many functions of the system! Limits the potential for risk pooling, as there are limitations to this classification, because the full reality much... Not a substitute for detailed country-specific analysis of pooling arrangements it contribute to progress towards universal health coverage, Zero! To this classification, because the full reality is much more complex Latin America their...
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